In a word, no. Tape os OK to check temporary track geometry for relatively complex trackwork, and might even excel in that department (draw in your centerlines, add tape, cut & fit track to get what you want, remove the track, add adhesive, lay track). But tape is no darned good for permanently laying track for normal model RR use (well, except for that aforementioned 3M aircraft stuff).
If you want a no glue, no nail method of laing track, I’d follow Ian’s advise above. While I prefer something a bit more solid, I do let my switches “float”, only hend down by track around them and by a bit of ballast glue.
You must have used silicone with latex mixed in. Pure silicone like the GE stuff at Home Depot will shed anything stuck on top of it, paint, glue, etc., even if you waited months. I can’t get normal glue to stick to silicone (GE stuff at HD).
It’s a fact that hardly anything sticks to pure silicone.