Paul:
Have you ever visited the bogelhead.com forum? It is dedicated to the principals of John Bogel, the founder of Vanguard. Quite a group of passionate passive investors. I straddle the fence, using Vanguard for bond funds, due to their very low costs and also use some index funds, but stray from the reservation with my individual stock holdings.
We all get along pretty well for the most part.
Railroads have no problem in attracting necessary capital. Most rails have a capital structure of about 40% debt/ 60% equity. Most of the equity is in the form of retained earnings. As Paul indicated the debt paper of the railroads these days is quite popular.
In fact the railroads are generating so much free cash flow these days that they are not only using about 20% of revenue for investment purposes, but also are returning considerable amounts back to the investors. Consider the following for CN:
2014 revenues - $11.6 B
Reinvestment - $ 2.138B - this is primarily in form of added equipment, replacement of track, etc.
Dividends - $.795 B ($795 million returned to shareholders)
Stock repurchased - $1.4B (reduced the total number of shares by 17 million during 2014.
Simple math indicates that if CN really need more cash for investing purposes then another $2.1B would be available by suspending dividends and share buybacks. Realistically, it would be difficult to eliminate the dividends, as the equity market would react negetively, but the $1.4B would be readily available.
So, when one reads on this forum that railroads need cash for capacity issues, one must simply follow the money and realize they are choosing to allocate only a portion of their cash to their business and returning a similar amount to the owners.
Paul, if you havent done so…checkout the bogelheads forum.
Well worth it.