Passenger train locomotive requirements often take into consideration the necessary acceleration rates to maintain the schedule.
6-8 cars, depending on their weight/construction would likely be the practical limit for quick acceleration in relatively flat terrain for a single E unit.
The B&O was a big user of E units, but not so much for commuter or local service. And the B&O had heavy passenger cars, with much of their fleet being home shop rebuilds of heavyweight cars into what looked like smooth side streamlined cars.
E units are not great on grades, they only have four traction motors and 1/3 of their weight is on idler axles. They were geared and designed for speed and smooth running.
Yet many roads used them in mountainous regions - they simply used more of them. I have photos of three and four E units pulling B&O trains in the 12-16 car range.
As other have noted, on level track, with modern lightweight cars, a single E unit would likely handle 12 cars with little issue, except maybe not being a sprinter off the line.
Roads like the B&O had to consider grades (stopping, starting and holding the train still on those grades), break downs, and keeping schedules when powering passenger trains. Available steam heat in the winter was another issue. More boilers is redundant security.
No wonder a great many passenger trains were “over powered” on many railroads.
I can’t speak for others cities, on the B&O, or other roads, but Baltimore has never been a “commuter rail city” like some others. To this day, Baltimore only has three rail commuter corridors, Commuter rail on the Amtrak Northeast corridor, a north-south light rail system, and a single elevated/ground/subway route from the northwest suburbs into downtown.
Not a city where you can get around without a car - the bus service is questionable at best.
The B&O provided more “short hall” locals than typic