What is under a train?

From Steve Sattler:

A review of what is under a train.
Watching a train pass-by is impressive but knowing how the metal rails and the sleepers that hold the whole system together function is ‘real knowledge’.
The sleeper:- What is it?
A railroad tie [American terminology] or railway sleeper [The rest of the world, especially Britain] is the basic and geometric support for the rails in railroad tracks. Generally laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track-ballast subgrade, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge.
Railroad ties are traditionally made of wood, but