As YoHo pointed out, a turnout is the entire structure, a switch is the mechanism used to move the rails to allow a turnout to be used.
The GCOR, Norac and the Canadian rules books refer to lining switches, with various rules on how, when and why, or why not a switch should be lined, and also make reference to speed through turnouts.
A switch is simply a part of a turnout.
As expected, terminology between countries differs, ties are sleepers, caboose becomes van, and engineer becomes driver, so forth and so on.
It sounds like you had a little run in with a railfan snob, whose experience is limited to the books and magazines he reads, plus he would seem to have a little touch of xenophobia!
The good part is that, no matter where you are, trains still operate in the same basic fashion, for the same basic purpose.
I would imagine you probably could take an American freight conductor and with a little training, plop him down in just about any rail yard in the world and he would figure it out pretty quick, same goes for those railroaders from overseas, with a minimal amount of training, they could fit in on most American railroads easily.
Almost all of the slang terms used can be figured out easily, I was asked by a UP conductor to “make the hook for me” and although I had never used the term, I understood what he wanted.
And of course, his engineer understood right away when I told him to “back up six to the joint”
I am always a little leery of the guys who know all the old, esoteric terms or who seem to romanticize railroading.
You meet them occasionally, you know, they guys who knows how many rivets are in a particular gondola, or how much steam pressure a particular locomotive produces,
Granted, there are a few railroaders who are historians, as an example of note from this forum, Carl Shaver may have one of the most comprehensive collection of cars, types and classifications known to man, and he railroaded pretty much fore