I model in HO, so I might be slightly off in the conversion… but anyway, here it goes…
The Walthers 86’ Heavyweight cars I have practically require 30" (min is 24, you can get them to 22 with some surgery…) , so with that assumption, I would assume that for N scale, 12.5-13" would be a bare minimum, though 15-16 14-15" would be easier for them to get around (not to mention it would look better…)
Note that these are the minimums for the curves… bigger is always better
The broader the curve the better. I wouldn’t try running long passenger equipment on anything less than 17" radius curves. Even that may be problematical because there will still be some non-prototypical overhang.
Those diaphrams are going to require 3X curves–the radius of the curve equals three times the length of the passenger cars i.e. 80: heavyweights will require 18" curves; 85’ lightweights will require 19 1/8" curves. Without the diaphrams you could conceivably operate your varnish on 12" and 13 3/4" radius curves; they wouldn’t look very good but they would probably go around!